Geometric interpretation of phyllotaxis transition

The original problem of phyllotaxis was focused on the regular arrangements of leaves on mature stems represented by common fractions such as 1/2, 1/3, 2/5, 3/8, 5/13, etc. The phyllotaxis fraction is not fixed for each plant but it may undergo stepwise transitions during ontogeny, despite contrasting observation that the arrangement of leaf primordia at shoot apical meristems changes continuously. No explanation has been given so far for the mechanism of the phyllotaxis transition, excepting suggestion resorting to genetic programs operating at some specific stages. Here it is pointed out that varying length of the leaf trace acts as an important factor to control the transition by analyzing Larson’s diagram of the procambial system of young cottonwood plants. The transition is interpreted as a necessary consequence of geometric constraints that the leaf traces cannot be fitted into a fractional pattern unless their length is shorter than the denominator times the internode.